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Pseudomembranous colitis is a medical condition that occurs when there is an overgrowth of bacteria called Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) in the colon. This bacteria can produce toxins that can damage the lining of the colon, leading to inflammation and the formation of a thick, yellowish-white layer of inflammatory debris called pseudomembranes. This can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fever. C. difficile is commonly found in the gut, but it is kept under control by other bacteria in the colon. However, if the balance of bacteria in the gut is disrupted, for example, by taking antibiotics, C. difficile can grow rapidly and produce toxins that damage the lining of the colon. This can lead to pseudomembranous colitis. Symptoms of pseudomembranous colitis can range from mild to severe. Mild cases may only cause mild abdominal pain and diarrhea, while severe cases can cause dehydration, fever, abdominal distension, and even perforation of the colon. Diagnosis is typically made by analyzing a stool sample for the presence of C. difficile toxins. Treatment may involve stopping the use of antibiotics that may have caused the overgrowth of C. difficile, and taking specific antibiotics that can kill the bacteria. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous fluids and electrolyte replacement. Prevention of pseudomembranous colitis involves proper use of antibiotics, such as taking them only when necessary and completing the full course, as well as good hand hygiene to prevent the spread of C. difficile bacteria.Causes
Your body usually keeps the many bacteria in your colon in a naturally healthy balance. However, antibiotics and other medicines can upset this balance. Pseudomembranous colitis occurs when certain bacteria, usually C. difficile, rapidly outgrow other bacteria that typically keep them in check. Certain toxins produced by C. difficile can rise to levels high enough to damage the colon. While almost any antibiotic can cause pseudomembranous colitis, some antibiotics are more commonly linked to pseudomembranous colitis than others, including: - Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and levofloxacin. - Penicillins, such as amoxicillin and ampicillin. - Clindamycin (Cleocin). - Cephalosporins, such as cefixime (Suprax).